30 O Libro de Ridgun
A lib posix — Capa de Abstracción de Plataforma (PAL), Reloxos, Sinais e CSPRNG
30.1. Por que existe a lib posix? (O problema real e a filosofía Ridgun)
«Por que necesito unha lib
posixescrita dende cero en Ridgun puro en vez de enlazar unha librería de C de toda a vida?»
Esa é a primeira pregunta que se fai calquera enxeñeiro de sistemas ao chegar a posix. E a resposta resume toda a filosofía de ridgun-libs:
Sexamos sinceros: as bandeiras coma O_CREAT, O_NONBLOCK ou os números de syscall mudan entre Linux, macOS e arquitecturas (X86_64 vs Arm64), e en C todo se resolve cunha xungla ilexible de #ifdef.
A lib posix implementa a Capa de Abstracción de Plataforma (PAL) de 2 niveis de Ridgun usando gardas tabulares sobre sys os (Linux | MacOS | Windows) e sys arch (X86_64 | Arm64 | RiscV64), ademais de sondaxe de descritores (wait fd / PollStatus), reloxos monótonos e de parede (RGF-017), sinais (RGF-018) e entropía CSPRNG do kernel (sys random bytes).
Nun ecosistema tradicional, resolver as tarefas do dominio POSIX implica arrastrar dependencias externas en C, loitar con punteiros crus, conversións opacas de tipos, excepcións non verificadas ou pausas impredicibles do colector de lixo. En Ridgun, a lib posix (src/main/ridgun/lib/posix.rg) aborda o problema con catro principios innegociables:
- Declara
import posix(ouimport posix as alias) ao inicio do ficheiro: cada lib define o seu espazo de nomesmodule :: posixe en modo--strictas funcións multi-palabra invócanse sempre con espazos naturais. - Encadea as túas tubaxes de esquerda a dereita con
->: escribeentrada paso un -> paso dous -> resultado, usa máscaras(+ _ _ +)para desestruturar secuencias e omite_ =en sentenzas secuenciais (ou descarta con-> ()). - Recursión de cola con TCO (Tail-Call Optimization): todos os percorridos internos de
posixcompílanse a bucles nativos en espazo de pila $O(1)$. - Memoria determinista (
RMM1/RMM2): cada estrutura intermedia libérase no instante exacto en que remata a súa última lectura, sen Garbage Collector.
30.2. Artefactos nativos, importación e catálogo completo da API de posix
En ridgun-libs, posix é unha lib de primeira clase situada en src/main/ridgun/lib/posix.rg (dominio POSIX). Ao compilar con stable bundle, empaquétase en tres formatos nativos:
| Artefacto | Ruta | Propósito |
|---|---|---|
| Bundle Ridgun | target/bundles/posix.rglib | Distribución e importación directa con import posix |
| Ficheiro compilado | target/posix.rgc | Artefacto intermedio verificado por ridgunc |
| Obxecto compartido ELF64 | target/libposix.so | Biblioteca dinámica nativa sen dependencias de C nin libc |
Cada lib declara o seu propio espazo de nomes con
module :: posix: abonda con escribirimport posix(ouimport posix as alias) na cabeceira e chamar ás súas funcións con espazos naturais (mina funcion x) e tubaxes->(x mina funcion -> resultado).
30.2.1. Resumo de familias funcionais de posix
| Sinatura / Función / Tipo | Que fai e cando usala |
|---|---|
pal open create trunc wr / pal o nonblock | Tradución de bandeiras do SO segundo sys os (`Linux |
wait fd : Int -> Int -> Int -> PollStatus | Sonda un descritor devolvendo PollReady, PollTimeout ou PollError errno |
clock monotonic ms / clock monotonic ns / clock wall ms | Reloxos monótonos e reloxo de parede UTC en milisegundos (RGF-017) |
signal watch / signal poll / sys random bytes | Sondaxe non bloqueante de sinais (SIGINT, SIGTERM) e bytes CSPRNG do kernel |
read text / write text / file exists / run cmd | E/S de ficheiros de alto nivel, directorios e execución de subprocesos |
30.2.2. Catálogo exhaustivo de tipos e sinaturas en src/main/ridgun/lib/posix.rg
A continuación tes o inventario completo de tipos alxébricos (type), operadores (op ::) e sinaturas de funcións (fn ::) definidos en src/main/ridgun/lib/posix.rg (2 tipos, 0 operadores e 103 funcións):
Tipos alxébricos e rexistros (type) de posix:
type PollStatus = PollReady Int | PollTimeout | PollError Int
type ProcStatus = ProcExited Int | ProcTimedOut Int | ProcSignal Int
| # | Función / Sinatura (fn ::) | Tipo de Retorno |
|---|---|---|
1 | fn :: poll in | Int |
2 | fn :: poll out | Int |
3 | fn :: poll err | Int |
4 | fn :: poll hup | Int |
5 | fn :: poll nval | Int |
6 | fn :: sig hup | Int |
7 | fn :: sig int | Int |
8 | fn :: sig quit | Int |
9 | fn :: sig kill | Int |
10 | fn :: sig usr1 | Int |
11 | fn :: sig usr2 | Int |
12 | fn :: sig pipe | Int |
13 | fn :: sig alrm | Int |
14 | fn :: sig term | Int |
15 | fn :: sig chld | Int |
16 | fn :: o rdonly | Int |
17 | fn :: o wronly | Int |
18 | fn :: o rdwr | Int |
19 | fn :: o creat | Int |
20 | fn :: o excl | Int |
21 | fn :: o trunc | Int |
22 | fn :: o append | Int |
23 | fn :: o nonblock | Int |
24 | fn :: o cloexec | Int |
25 | fn :: is bad posix code Int | Bool |
26 | fn :: has unsafe posix char String Int Int | Bool |
27 | fn :: is safe posix path len String Int | Bool |
28 | fn :: is safe posix path String | Bool |
29 | fn :: lstat exists (Bool String Int Int Int String String Int String) | Bool |
30 | fn :: lstat kind (Bool String Int Int Int String String Int String) | String |
31 | fn :: lstat mode (Bool String Int Int Int String String Int String) | Int |
32 | fn :: lstat size (Bool String Int Int Int String String Int String) | Int |
33 | fn :: lstat mtime sec (Bool String Int Int Int String String Int String) | Int |
34 | fn :: lstat symlink target (Bool String Int Int Int String String Int String) | String |
35 | fn :: px raw byte ub Int | String |
36 | fn :: px raw byte Int | String |
37 | fn :: px u64 le Int | String |
38 | fn :: px decode u32 le String Int | Int |
39 | fn :: px decode u64 le String Int | Int |
40 | fn :: px alloc page Int | Int |
41 | fn :: px free page Int Int Int | Int |
42 | fn :: px alloc mfd | Int |
43 | fn :: px poke Int Int String | Int |
44 | fn :: px peek Int Int Int | String |
45 | fn :: px clock gettime Int | Int Int |
46 | fn :: px pair fst (Int Int) | Int |
47 | fn :: px pair snd (Int Int) | Int |
48 | fn :: sys monotonic ms | Int |
49 | fn :: sys monotonic ns | Int |
50 | fn :: sys wall time ms | Int |
51 | fn :: map poll rc Int | PollStatus |
52 | fn :: wait fd Int Int Int | PollStatus |
53 | fn :: posix open String Int Int | Int |
54 | fn :: posix close Int | Int |
55 | fn :: posix read Int Int | String |
56 | fn :: posix write Int String | Int |
57 | fn :: posix kill Int Int | Int |
58 | fn :: pack pipe fds Int Int Int | Int Int Int |
59 | fn :: posix pipe | Int Int Int |
60 | fn :: posix mkdir String | Bool |
61 | fn :: posix chmod String Int | Bool |
62 | fn :: posix chdir String | Bool |
63 | fn :: px syscall1 path Int String | Int |
64 | fn :: px syscall2 path Int String String | Int |
65 | fn :: sys rmdir String | Bool |
66 | fn :: sys unlink String | Bool |
67 | fn :: sys rename String String | Bool |
68 | fn :: sys symlink String String | Bool |
69 | fn :: sys readlink String | String |
70 | fn :: valid signal list [Int] | Bool |
71 | fn :: valid signal rest [Int] | Bool |
72 | fn :: px bit shift Int | Int |
73 | fn :: px sig mask [Int] | Int |
74 | fn :: px finish sig watch Int | Int Int |
75 | fn :: sys signal watch [Int] | Int Int |
76 | fn :: px finish sig read Int String | Int Int |
77 | fn :: px wait sig after poll Int Int | Int Int |
78 | fn :: sys signal wait Int Int | Int Int |
79 | fn :: posix notify signal Int Int | Int |
80 | fn :: px bytes to list loop String Int Int | [Int] |
81 | fn :: px getrandom call Int Int Int | Int |
82 | fn :: px getrandom step Int Int Int | Int |
83 | fn :: px getrandom loop Int Int | Int |
84 | fn :: px finish getrandom Int String Int | Int String |
85 | fn :: px getrandom checked Int | Int String |
86 | fn :: sys random bytes Int | Int String |
87 | fn :: px finish random list (Int String) | Int [Int] |
88 | fn :: sys random bytes list Int | Int [Int] |
89 | fn :: path separator SysOs | String |
90 | fn :: null device for SysOs | String |
91 | fn :: null device | String |
92 | fn :: process exists Int | Bool |
30.3. Explorando posix a fondo: Exemplos paso a paso de cada funcionalidade
Non abonda con ver a táboa de sinaturas: imos explorar cada unha das funcionalidades da lib posix mediante exemplos progresivos e executables en Ridgun. Comezaremos polas dúas receitas tabulares de uso cotián e despois percorreremos en detalle todos os escenarios funcionais, transformacións e casos límite verificados en src/test/ridgun/test posix.rg.
30.3.1. Exemplo 1: Fluxo principal en estilo tabular con posix
Observa como en Ridgun os signos = e os pasos de transformación con posix quedan aliñados coma unha táboa limpa, sen variables mutables innecesarias nin efectos laterais ocultos:
import posix
fn :: medir operacion => Int Int
medir operacion =
clock monotonic ms -> t0
sys random bytes 32 -> (+ _) -> rc
clock monotonic ms -> t1
(rc, t1 - t0)
30.3.2. Exemplo 2: Composición segura e manexo de casos de bordo
Toda función da lib posix está deseñada para compoñerse con gardas booleanas | e co resto das 32 libs de ridgun-libs:
import posix
fn :: esperar lectura Int => PollStatus
esperar lectura fd =
wait fd fd (poll in) 100
30.3.3. Exemplo 3: Constantes POSIX (O_*, POLL*, SIG*), validación de rutas seguras, tubaxes anónimas (sys pipe) e sondaxe sys poll status
Neste exemplo práctico exploramos de forma exhaustiva como se comporta posix neste bloque funcional, incluíndo entradas estándar, combinacións de parámetros e valores fronteira:
fn :: test posix constants descriptors and poll => ()
test posix constants descriptors and poll =
assert equals (poll in) 1 "POLLIN == 1"
assert equals poll out 4 "POLLOUT == 4"
assert equals (poll err) 8 "POLLERR == 8"
assert equals (sig int) 2 "SIGINT == 2"
assert equals (sig kill) 9 "SIGKILL == 9"
assert equals (sig term) 15 "SIGTERM == 15"
assert equals (o rdonly) 0 "O_RDONLY == 0"
assert equals (o wronly) 1 "O_WRONLY == 1"
assert equals (o rdwr) 2 "O_RDWR == 2"
assert equals (o creat) 64 "O_CREAT == 64"
assert equals (o trunc) 512 "O_TRUNC == 512"
assert equals (o append) 1024 "O_APPEND == 1024"
assert equals (o nonblock) 2048 "O_NONBLOCK == 2048"
assert equals (o cloexec) 524288 "O_CLOEXEC == 524288"
bad_p = wait fd (0 - 1) (poll in) 10
assert true (is poll error bad_p) "wait fd on -1 returns PollError"
p_res = posix pipe
assert equals (tuple3 status p_res) 0 "posix pipe status == 0"
rfd = tuple3 rfd p_res
wfd = tuple3 wfd p_res
p_to = wait fd rfd (poll in) 20
assert true (is poll timeout p_to) "wait fd on empty pipe times out"
written = posix write wfd "hello-posix"
assert equals written 11 "posix write 11 bytes"
p_rdy = wait fd rfd (poll in) 100
assert true (is poll ready p_rdy) "wait fd after write is PollReady"
got = posix read rfd 64
assert equals got "hello-posix" "posix read matches written payload"
assert equals (posix close rfd) 0 "posix close rfd"
assert equals (posix close wfd) 0 "posix close wfd"
30.3.4. Exemplo 4: Metadatos lstat, reloxos monotónicos e de parede (clock_gettime), sinais por descritor (signalfd4) e entropía do kernel (sys random bytes)
Neste exemplo práctico exploramos de forma exhaustiva como se comporta posix neste bloque funcional, incluíndo entradas estándar, combinacións de parámetros e valores fronteira:
fn :: test posix filesystem clocks signals and random => ()
test posix filesystem clocks signals and random =
dir_p = "/tmp/rg_posix_test_{sys_getpid}"
f1 = "{dir_p}/a.txt"
f2 = "{dir_p}/b.txt"
lnk = "{dir_p}/sym.txt"
sys rmdir dir_p -> ()
assert true (posix mkdir dir_p) "posix mkdir"
write file f1 "payload"
assert true (posix chmod f1 420) "posix chmod 0644"
assert true (sys rename f1 f2) "sys rename a.txt -> b.txt"
assert true (sys symlink f2 lnk) "sys symlink"
assert equals (sys readlink lnk) f2 "sys readlink target"
assert true (sys unlink lnk) "sys unlink symlink"
assert true (sys unlink f2) "sys unlink b.txt"
assert true (sys rmdir dir_p) "sys rmdir"
assert true ((sys getpid) > 0) "sys_getpid > 0"
assert true ((str len (sys getcwd)) > 0) "sys_getcwd non-empty"
t1 = sys monotonic ms
n1 = sys monotonic ns
w1 = sys wall time ms
sys sleep ms 25 -> ()
t2 = sys monotonic ms
n2 = sys monotonic ns
w2 = sys wall time ms
assert true ((t2 - t1) >= 20) "monotonic ms elapsed >= 20"
assert true (n2 > n1) "monotonic ns non-decreasing"
assert true ((n2 - n1) >= 20000000) "monotonic ns elapsed >= 20ms (20,000,000 ns)"
assert true (w1 > 1700000000000) "wall time > 1700000000000"
k_sec = sys call 201 0 0 0 0 0 0
w_sec = w2 / 1000
assert true (((w_sec - k_sec) <= 2) and ((k_sec - w_sec) <= 2)) "sys_wall_time_ms matches kernel time(0) within 2s"
assert true ((w2 - w1) >= 20) "wall time ms elapsed >= 20"
sw_bad = sys signal watch [9]
assert equals (pair fst sw_bad) (0 - 7) "SIGKILL watch rejected with -7"
sw_ok = sys signal watch [sig term]
assert equals (pair fst sw_ok) 0 "SIGTERM watch ok"
sh = pair snd sw_ok
assert true ((sys call 72 sh 1 0 0 0 0) >= 0) "signalfd handle is real kernel fd"
assert equals (sys kill (sys getpid) (sig term)) 0 "real kernel sys_kill SIGTERM does not kill process"
sw_got = sys signal wait sh 100
assert equals (pair fst sw_got) 0 "sys_signal_wait status 0 after real sys_kill"
assert equals (pair snd sw_got) (sig term) "sys_signal_wait got real SIGTERM (15)"
assert equals (posix notify signal (sys getpid) (sig term)) 0 "notify signal"
sw_got2 = sys signal wait sh 100
assert equals (pair fst sw_got2) 0 "sys_signal_wait status 0"
assert equals (pair snd sw_got2) (sig term) "sys_signal_wait got SIGTERM"
sw_to = sys signal wait sh 20
assert equals (pair fst sw_to) (0 - 2) "second sys_signal_wait times out (-2)"
assert equals (posix close sh) 0 "posix close signalfd"
assert equals (pair fst (sys signal wait sh 10)) (0 - 7) "sys_signal_wait on closed fd -> -7"
r_bad = sys random bytes (0 - 1)
assert equals (pair fst r_bad) (0 - 7) "negative random bytes -> -7"
r_zero = sys random bytes 0
assert equals (pair fst r_zero) 0 "0 random bytes -> 0"
assert equals (pair snd r_zero) "" "0 random bytes -> empty"
r1 = sys random bytes 32
r2 = sys random bytes 32
rl = sys random bytes list 256
assert equals (pair fst r1) 0 "random 32 status 0"
assert equals (str len (pair snd r1)) 32 "random 32 length == 32"
assert equals (pair fst rl) 0 "random list 256 status 0"
assert equals (path separator Linux) "/" "path separator Linux"
assert equals (path separator Windows) "\\" "path separator Windows"
assert equals (null device for Linux) "/dev/null" "null device Linux"
assert equals (null device for Windows) "NUL" "null device Windows"
assert true (process exists (sys getpid)) "process exists self"
assert false (process exists 99999999) "process exists non-existent pid"
assert false ((pair snd r1) == (pair snd r2)) "two 32-byte random draws differ"
30.3.5. Exemplo 5: Comunicación entre procesos por tubaxe (sys pipe), sondaxe non bloqueante (sys poll status) e temporización monotónica (sys monotonic ns)
Neste exemplo práctico exploramos de forma exhaustiva como se comporta posix neste bloque funcional, incluíndo entradas estándar, combinacións de parámetros e valores fronteira:
import posix
fn :: medir latencia tuberia => (Int, Int)
medir latencia tuberia =
t0 = sys monotonic ns
(rc, rfd, wfd) = sys pipe
sys write fd wfd "ping" -> ()
listo = sys poll rfd (poll in) 50
leido = sys read fd rfd 4
sys close rfd -> ()
sys close wfd -> ()
t1 = sys monotonic ns
(rc + listo + (str len leido), t1 - t0)
30.4. Baixo o capó: como está construída posix en Ridgun puro (src/main/ridgun/lib/posix.rg)
Unha das maiores vantaxes de ridgun-libs é que non hai caixas negras en C. Podes abrir src/main/ridgun/lib/posix.rg e ler exactamente como está implementada cada operación usando pattern matching, árbores de gardas | / |. e recursión de cola (TCO). Vexamos as pezas clave da súa implementación real:
30.4.1. Implementación interna: Poll & Process Status ADTs
Fíxate en como posix.rg estrutura as sinaturas fn :: ... => ... primeiro e resolve cada caso mediante ecuacións aliñadas e chamadas de cola:
module :: posix
type PollStatus = PollReady Int | PollTimeout | PollError Int
type ProcStatus = ProcExited Int | ProcTimedOut Int | ProcSignal Int
30.4.2. Implementación interna: Path Safety Validation (VUL-INJ-002 / VUL-INPUT-001)
Fíxate en como posix.rg estrutura as sinaturas fn :: ... => ... primeiro e resolve cada caso mediante ecuacións aliñadas e chamadas de cola:
fn :: is bad posix code Int => Bool
is bad posix code c =
c == 0 or c == 10 or c == 13 or c == 59 or c == 96 or c == 124 or c == 38 or c == 36 or c == 39 or c == 34
fn :: has unsafe posix char String Int Int => Bool
has unsafe posix char s idx slen =
| idx >= slen = False
| is bad posix code (str char at s idx) = True
| otherwise = has unsafe posix char s (idx + 1) slen
fn :: is safe posix path len String Int => Bool
is safe posix path len path plen =
| plen == 0 or plen > 4096 = False
| otherwise = not (has unsafe posix char path 0 plen)
fn :: is safe posix path String => Bool
is safe posix path path =
is safe posix path len path (str len path)
30.4.3. Implementación interna: RG-010 Filesystem & Process Operations
Fíxate en como posix.rg estrutura as sinaturas fn :: ... => ... primeiro e resolve cada caso mediante ecuacións aliñadas e chamadas de cola:
fn :: posix mkdir String => Bool
posix mkdir path =
| not (is safe posix path path) = False
| otherwise = (sys mkdir path 493) == 0
fn :: posix chmod String Int => Bool
posix chmod path mode =
| not (is safe posix path path) = False
| otherwise = (sys chmod path mode) == 0
fn :: posix chdir String => Bool
posix chdir path =
| not (is safe posix path path) = False
| otherwise = (sys chdir path) == 0
fn :: px syscall1 path Int String => Int
px syscall1 path nr path =
ptr = px alloc page 4096
mfd = px alloc mfd
b0 = px raw byte 0
_ = px poke mfd ptr (path + b0)
rc = sys call nr ptr 0 0 0 0 0
_ = px free page mfd ptr 4096
rc
fn :: px syscall2 path Int String String => Int
px syscall2 path nr p1 p2 =
ptr = px alloc page 4096
mfd = px alloc mfd
b0 = px raw byte 0
p2048 = ptr + 2048
_ = px poke mfd ptr (p1 + b0)
_ = px poke mfd p2048 (p2 + b0)
rc = sys call nr ptr p2048 0 0 0 0
_ = px free page mfd ptr 4096
rc
fn :: sys rmdir String => Bool
sys rmdir path =
| not (is safe posix path path) = False
| otherwise = (px syscall1 path 84 path) == 0
fn :: sys unlink String => Bool
sys unlink path =
| not (is safe posix path path) = False
| otherwise = (px syscall1 path 87 path) == 0
fn :: sys rename String String => Bool
sys rename old_p new_path =
| not (is safe posix path old_p) or not (is safe posix path new_path) = False
| otherwise = (px syscall2 path 82 old_p new_path) == 0
fn :: sys symlink String String => Bool
sys symlink target link_path =
| not (is safe posix path target) or not (is safe posix path link_path) = False
| otherwise = (px syscall2 path 88 target link_path) == 0
fn :: sys readlink String => String
sys readlink path =
| not (is safe posix path path) = ""
| otherwise = lstat symlink target (file lstat path)
30.4.4. Implementación interna: Ridgun v0.9.5 Target OS / Arch & Process Probe Helpers
Fíxate en como posix.rg estrutura as sinaturas fn :: ... => ... primeiro e resolve cada caso mediante ecuacións aliñadas e chamadas de cola:
fn :: path separator SysOs => String
path separator Windows = "\\"
path separator _ = "/"
fn :: null device for SysOs => String
null device for Windows = "NUL"
null device for _ = "/dev/null"
fn :: null device => String
null device = null device for (sys os)
fn :: process exists Int => Bool
process exists pid =
| pid <= 0 = False
| otherwise = (sys kill pid 0) == 0
30.5. Garantías algorítmicas, memoria RMM1/RMM2 e as 5 Regras de Ouro de posix
- Garantía algorítmica e de seguridade: As ramas de
sys osesys archque non corresponden ao binario destino son eliminadas en tempo de compilación (Dead-Code Elimination) porridgunc. - Complexidade de pila $O(1)$ con TCO: Todos os bucles recursivos en
src/main/ridgun/lib/posix.rgestán en posición de cola, polo queridguncos compila a saltos nativos sen crecemento de pila. - Memoria determinista (
RMM1/RMM2): Cero pausas de colector de lixo; todas as estruturas intermedias libéranse de forma determinista ao saír do ámbito. - Verificación continua: Probada exhaustivamente con
stable checke a suite automatizadasrc/test/ridgun/test posix.rg.
As 5 Regras de Ouro ao programar con posix
- Declara
import posixao inicio do ficheiro e aproveita a equivalencia entre espazos e guións baixos para que o teu código se lea coma prosa. - Aliña as túas tubaxes de datos con
=: encadea as chamadas aposixen pasos con nome propio e deixa questable formataliñe as columnas. - Aproveita as funcións totais de
posixnas túas gardas|: comproba os valores de retorno ou desenvolve os ADTs con pattern matching en vez de asumir que a entrada externa sempre é válida. - Evita copiar grandes estruturas se só necesitas consultar un campo: lembra que en
RMM2os argumentos de entrada non incrementan nin decrementan contadores (+0/-0). - Combina
posixcontest(import test): escribe sempre asercións conassert equalsouassert truepara fixar os invariantes do teu dominio.
No Capítulo 31 pasaremos a explorar en profundidade a lib io (A lib io — Erros Tipados IoResult, E/S con with timeout e Procesos).