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21 El Libro de Ridgun

La lib diff — Algoritmo LCS, Distancia de Edición, Unified Diff y Parches

21.1. ¿Por qué existe la lib diff? (El problema real y la filosofía Ridgun)

«¿Por qué necesito una lib diff escrita desde cero en Ridgun puro en lugar de enlazar una librería de C de toda la vida?»

Esa es la primera pregunta que se hace cualquier ingeniero de sistemas al llegar a diff. Y la respuesta resume toda la filosofía de ridgun-libs:

Seamos sinceros: cuando un test falla o un archivo de configuración cambia, un seco "expected A, got B" de 200 líneas te obliga a dejarte las pestañas buscando qué línea exacta ha cambiado.

La lib diff calcula la Subsecuencia Común Más Larga (LCS) sobre Tensor[Int] 2D para producir ediciones mínimas (DiffKeep, DiffAdd, DiffDel), distancia de edición, estadísticas, formato Unified Diff (---/+++/@@) y reconstrucción exacta con diff apply.

En un ecosistema tradicional, resolver las tareas del dominio DIFF implica arrastrar dependencias externas en C, lidiar con punteros crudos, conversiones opacas de tipos, excepciones no verificadas o pausas impredecibles del recolector de basura. En Ridgun, la lib diff (src/main/ridgun/lib/diff.rg) aborda el problema con cuatro principios innegociables:

  1. Declara import diff (o import diff as alias) al inicio del archivo: cada lib define su espacio de nombres module :: diff y en modo --strict las funciones multi-palabra se invocan siempre con espacios naturales.
  2. Encadena tus tuberías de izquierda a derecha con ->: escribe entrada paso uno -> paso dos -> resultado, usa máscaras (+ _ _ +) para desestructurar secuencias y omite _ = en sentencias secuenciales (o descarta con -> ()).
  3. Recursión de cola con TCO (Tail-Call Optimization): todos los recorridos internos de diff se compilan a bucles nativos en $O(1)$ espacio de pila.
  4. Memoria determinista (RMM1 / RMM2): cada estructura intermedia se libera en el instante exacto en que termina su última lectura, sin Garbage Collector.

21.2. Artefactos nativos, importación y catálogo completo de la API de diff

En ridgun-libs, diff es una lib de primera clase ubicada en src/main/ridgun/lib/diff.rg (dominio DIFF). Al compilar con stable bundle, se empaqueta en tres artefactos nativos:

ArtefactoRutaPropósito
Bundle Ridguntarget/bundles/diff.rglibDistribución e importación directa con import diff
Archivo compiladotarget/diff.rgcArtefacto intermedio verificado por ridgunc
Objeto compartido ELF64target/libdiff.soBiblioteca dinámica nativa sin dependencias de C ni libc

Cada lib declara su propio espacio de nombres con module :: diff: basta con escribir import diff (o import diff as alias) en el encabezado y llamar a sus funciones con espacios naturales (mi funcion x) y tuberías -> (x mi funcion -> resultado).

21.2.1. Resumen de familias funcionales de diff

Firma / Función / TipoQué hace y cuándo usarla
type DiffOp`DiffKeep String
diff lines / diff textCalcula el guion mínimo de edición LCS entre listas [String] o textos multilínea
diff edit distance / diff statsDistancia mínima de inserción+borrado y recuento (kept, added, deleted)
diff format / diff unifiedFormatea líneas compactas + / - / o Unified Diff estándar con cabeceras
diff apply / diff apply textReconstruye el documento destino sin pérdidas a partir del guion de edición

21.2.2. Catálogo exhaustivo de tipos y firmas en src/main/ridgun/lib/diff.rg

A continuación tienes el inventario completo de tipos algebraicos (type), operadores (op ::) y firmas de funciones (fn ::) definidos en src/main/ridgun/lib/diff.rg (2 tipos, 0 operadores y 33 funciones):

Tipos algebraicos y registros (type) de diff:

type DiffEdit = diff_op: String, line_text: String, old_line_no: Int, new_line_no: Int
type DiffStats = equal_count: Int, insert_count: Int, delete_count: Int
#Función / Firma (fn ::)Tipo de Retorno
1fn :: df max Int IntInt
2fn :: df int to str pos IntString
3fn :: df int to str IntString
4fn :: df rev [String] [String][String]
5fn :: df rev ints [Int] [Int][Int]
6fn :: df split lines loop String Int Int Int [String][String]
7fn :: df split lines String[String]
8fn :: df zeros Int [Int][Int]
9fn :: df nth int [Int] IntInt
10fn :: df head int [Int]Int
11fn :: df cell val String String Int Int IntInt
12fn :: df build row String [String] [Int] Int [Int][Int]
13fn :: df build dp [String] [String] [[Int]][[Int]]
14fn :: df tail rows [[Int]][[Int]]
15fn :: df head row [[Int]][Int]
16fn :: df rev edits [DiffEdit] [DiffEdit][DiffEdit]
17fn :: df backtrack [String] [String] [[Int]] Int Int Int [DiffEdit][DiffEdit]
18fn :: df backtrack step String [String] String [String] [[Int]] Int Int Int [DiffEdit][DiffEdit]
19fn :: df backtrack branch String [String] String [String] [[Int]] [[Int]] Int Int Int Int Int [DiffEdit][DiffEdit]
20fn :: df list length [String]Int
21fn :: diff lines [String] [String][DiffEdit]
22fn :: diff text String String[DiffEdit]
23fn :: df stats loop [DiffEdit] Int Int IntDiffStats
24fn :: diff stats [DiffEdit]DiffStats
25fn :: diff edit distance String StringInt
26fn :: diff has changes [DiffEdit]Bool
27fn :: df format unified lines [DiffEdit] StringString
28fn :: df hunk start IntInt
29fn :: df unified header String String Int IntString
30fn :: diff unified String String String StringString
31fn :: df apply collect [DiffEdit] [String][String]
32fn :: df join lines [String]String
33fn :: diff apply [DiffEdit]String

21.3. Explorando diff a fondo: Ejemplos paso a paso de cada funcionalidad

No basta con ver la tabla de firmas: vamos a explorar cada una de las funcionalidades de la lib diff mediante ejemplos progresivos y ejecutables en Ridgun. Empezaremos por las dos recetas tabulares de uso cotidiano y después recorreremos en detalle todos los escenarios funcionales, transformaciones y casos límite verificados en src/test/ridgun/test diff.rg.

21.3.1. Ejemplo 1: Flujo principal en estilo tabular con diff

Observa cómo en Ridgun los signos = y los pasos de transformación con diff quedan alineados como una tabla limpia, sin variables mutables innecesarias ni efectos laterales ocultos:

import diff

fn :: auditar cambio String String => Int String
      auditar cambio antes despues =
        diff edit distance antes despues -> dist
        diff unified antes despues "config.old" "config.new" -> parche
        (dist, parche)

21.3.2. Ejemplo 2: Composición segura y manejo de casos de borde

Toda función de la lib diff está diseñada para componerse con guardas booleanas | y con el resto de las 32 libs de ridgun-libs:

import diff

fn :: verificar parche String [DiffEdit] => String
      verificar parche orig ops =
        diff apply orig ops

21.3.3. Ejemplo 3: Comparación de textos vacíos e idénticos: distancia de edición cero y verificación de invariantes

En este ejemplo práctico exploramos de forma exhaustiva cómo se comporta diff en este bloque funcional, incluyendo entradas estándar, combinaciones de parámetros y valores frontera:

fn :: test diff empty and identical => ()
      test diff empty and identical =
        nl = char from code 10
        e_empty = diff text "" ""
        assert int equals (count edits e_empty) 0 "AC1: empty diff edit count"
        assert false (diff has changes e_empty) "AC1: empty diff has no changes"
        assert int equals (diff edit distance "" "") 0 "AC1: empty edit distance"
        assert str eq (diff apply e_empty) "" "AC3: empty diff apply"
        same_doc = "alpha" + nl + "beta" + nl + "gamma"
        e_same = diff text same_doc same_doc
        assert int equals (count edits e_same) 3 "AC1: identical 3-line count"
        assert false (diff has changes e_same) "AC1: identical has no changes"
        st_same = diff stats e_same
        assert int equals (equal_count st_same) 3 "AC1: equal_count == 3"
        assert int equals (insert_count st_same) 0 "AC1: insert_count == 0"
        assert int equals (delete_count st_same) 0 "AC1: delete_count == 0"
        assert int equals (diff edit distance same_doc same_doc) 0 "AC1: identical edit distance == 0"
        assert str eq (diff apply e_same) same_doc "AC3: identical diff apply"
        ()

21.3.4. Ejemplo 4: Inserciones puras (DiffInsert), borrados puros (DiffDelete) y aplicación hacia adelante (diff patch)

En este ejemplo práctico exploramos de forma exhaustiva cómo se comporta diff en este bloque funcional, incluyendo entradas estándar, combinaciones de parámetros y valores frontera:

fn :: test diff pure insert and delete => ()
      test diff pure insert and delete =
        nl = char from code 10
        target = "line1" + nl + "line2" + nl + "line3"
        e_ins = diff text "" target
        assert true (diff has changes e_ins) "AC1: pure insert has changes"
        st_ins = diff stats e_ins
        assert int equals (equal_count st_ins) 0 "AC1: pure insert equal_count"
        assert int equals (insert_count st_ins) 3 "AC1: pure insert insert_count"
        assert int equals (delete_count st_ins) 0 "AC1: pure insert delete_count"
        assert int equals (diff edit distance "" target) 3 "AC1: pure insert edit distance"
        assert str eq (diff apply e_ins) target "AC3: pure insert apply"
        ins0 = nth edit e_ins 0
        ins2 = nth edit e_ins 2
        assert str eq (diff_op ins0) "insert" "AC1: ins0 op"
        assert int equals (old_line_no ins0) 0 "AC1: ins0 old_line_no"
        assert int equals (new_line_no ins0) 1 "AC1: ins0 new_line_no"
        assert int equals (new_line_no ins2) 3 "AC1: ins2 new_line_no"
        e_del = diff text target ""
        assert true (diff has changes e_del) "AC1: pure delete has changes"
        st_del = diff stats e_del
        assert int equals (equal_count st_del) 0 "AC1: pure delete equal_count"
        assert int equals (insert_count st_del) 0 "AC1: pure delete insert_count"
        assert int equals (delete_count st_del) 3 "AC1: pure delete delete_count"
        assert int equals (diff edit distance target "") 3 "AC1: pure delete edit distance"
        assert str eq (diff apply e_del) "" "AC3: pure delete apply"
        del0 = nth edit e_del 0
        del2 = nth edit e_del 2
        assert str eq (diff_op del0) "delete" "AC1: del0 op"
        assert int equals (old_line_no del0) 1 "AC1: del0 old_line_no"
        assert int equals (new_line_no del0) 0 "AC1: del0 new_line_no"
        assert int equals (old_line_no del2) 3 "AC1: del2 old_line_no"
        ()

21.3.5. Ejemplo 5: El vector clásico de Eugene Myers (ABCABBA $\rightarrow$ CBABAC): subsecuencia común más larga (LCS) y distancia mínima

En este ejemplo práctico exploramos de forma exhaustiva cómo se comporta diff en este bloque funcional, incluyendo entradas estándar, combinaciones de parámetros y valores frontera:

fn :: test diff myers classic vector => ()
      test diff myers classic vector =
        nl = char from code 10
        old_lines = ["A", "B", "C", "A", "B", "B", "A"]
        new_lines = ["C", "B", "A", "B", "A", "C"]
        edits = diff lines old_lines new_lines
        st = diff stats edits
        assert int equals (equal_count st) 4 "AC1: Myers LCS length 4"
        assert int equals (delete_count st) 3 "AC1: Myers delete count 3"
        assert int equals (insert_count st) 2 "AC1: Myers insert count 2"
        old_s = "A" + nl + "B" + nl + "C" + nl + "A" + nl + "B" + nl + "B" + nl + "A"
        new_s = "C" + nl + "B" + nl + "A" + nl + "B" + nl + "A" + nl + "C"
        assert int equals (diff edit distance old_s new_s) 5 "AC1: Myers edit distance 5"
        assert str eq (diff apply edits) new_s "AC3: Myers apply reproduces CBABAC"
        ()

21.3.6. Ejemplo 6: Inspección de números de línea de origen y destino (diff old line, diff new line) y reconstrucción exacta con diff patch

En este ejemplo práctico exploramos de forma exhaustiva cómo se comporta diff en este bloque funcional, incluyendo entradas estándar, combinaciones de parámetros y valores frontera:

fn :: test diff code hunks and line numbers => ()
      test diff code hunks and line numbers =
        nl = char from code 10
        old_code = "fn :: add Int Int => Int" + nl + "      add a b = a + b" + nl + "" + nl + "fn :: sub Int Int => Int" + nl + "      sub a b = a - b"
        new_code = "fn :: add Int Int => Int" + nl + "      add x y = x + y" + nl + "" + nl + "fn :: mul Int Int => Int" + nl + "      mul a b = a * b" + nl + "" + nl + "fn :: sub Int Int => Int" + nl + "      sub a b = a - b"
        edits = diff text old_code new_code
        assert true (diff has changes edits) "AC1: code refactoring has changes"
        assert str eq (diff apply edits) new_code "AC3: code refactoring lossless apply"
        e0 = nth edit edits 0
        assert str eq (diff_op e0) "equal" "AC1: line 1 equal"
        assert int equals (old_line_no e0) 1 "AC1: line 1 old_line_no"
        assert int equals (new_line_no e0) 1 "AC1: line 1 new_line_no"
        e1 = nth edit edits 1
        assert str eq (diff_op e1) "delete" "AC1: line 2 deleted"
        assert str eq (line_text e1) "      add a b = a + b" "AC1: deleted line text"
        assert int equals (old_line_no e1) 2 "AC1: deleted old_line_no"
        assert int equals (new_line_no e1) 0 "AC1: deleted new_line_no"
        e2 = nth edit edits 2
        assert str eq (diff_op e2) "insert" "AC1: line 2 inserted"
        assert str eq (line_text e2) "      add x y = x + y" "AC1: inserted line text"
        assert int equals (old_line_no e2) 0 "AC1: inserted old_line_no"
        assert int equals (new_line_no e2) 2 "AC1: inserted new_line_no"
        ()

21.3.7. Ejemplo 7: Generación de parches unificados estilo GNU (--- old, +++ new, -, +, ) con diff unified y estadísticas (kept, deleted, inserted)

En este ejemplo práctico exploramos de forma exhaustiva cómo se comporta diff en este bloque funcional, incluyendo entradas estándar, combinaciones de parámetros y valores frontera:

fn :: test diff unified formatting => ()
      test diff unified formatting =
        nl = char from code 10
        old_s = "one" + nl + "two" + nl + "three"
        new_s = "one" + nl + "TWO" + nl + "three" + nl + "four"
        uni = diff unified "a/sample.txt" "b/sample.txt" old_s new_s
        expected = "--- a/sample.txt" + nl + "+++ b/sample.txt" + nl + "@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@" + nl + " one" + nl + "-two" + nl + "+TWO" + nl + " three" + nl + "+four" + nl
        assert str eq uni expected "AC2: unified diff output matches standard header and hunk format"
        uni_empty = diff unified "a/empty" "b/empty" "" ""
        assert str eq uni_empty ("--- a/empty" + nl + "+++ b/empty" + nl + "@@ -0,0 +0,0 @@" + nl) "AC2: unified diff empty files"
        ()

21.3.8. Ejemplo 8: Robustez ante archivos con líneas repetidas y bloques duplicados

En este ejemplo práctico exploramos de forma exhaustiva cómo se comporta diff en este bloque funcional, incluyendo entradas estándar, combinaciones de parámetros y valores frontera:

fn :: test diff repetitive lines => ()
      test diff repetitive lines =
        nl = char from code 10
        old_rep = "x" + nl + "x" + nl + "y" + nl + "x" + nl + "x"
        new_rep = "x" + nl + "y" + nl + "y" + nl + "x"
        edits = diff text old_rep new_rep
        st = diff stats edits
        assert int equals (equal_count st) 3 "AC1: repetitive LCS equal_count"
        assert int equals (delete_count st) 2 "AC1: repetitive LCS delete_count"
        assert int equals (insert_count st) 1 "AC1: repetitive LCS insert_count"
        assert str eq (diff apply edits) new_rep "AC3: repetitive lines apply"
        ()

21.4. Bajo el capó: cómo está construida diff en Ridgun puro (src/main/ridgun/lib/diff.rg)

Una de las mayores ventajas de ridgun-libs es que no hay cajas negras en C. Puedes abrir src/main/ridgun/lib/diff.rg y leer exactamente cómo está implementada cada operación usando pattern matching, árboles de guardas | / |. y recursión de cola (TCO). Veamos las piezas clave de su implementación real:

21.4.1. Implementación interna: Internal Helpers

Fíjate en cómo diff.rg estructura las firmas fn :: ... => ... primero y resuelve cada caso mediante ecuaciones alineadas y llamadas de cola:

module :: diff

fn :: df max Int Int => Int
      df max a b =
        | a >= b = a
        | otherwise = b

fn :: df int to str pos Int => String
      df int to str pos n =
        | n == 0 = ""
        | otherwise = (df int to str pos (n / 10)) + (char from code ((n % 10) + 48))

fn :: df int to str Int => String
      df int to str n =
        | n == 0 = "0"
        | n < 0 = "-" + (df int to str pos (0 - n))
        | otherwise = df int to str pos n

fn :: df rev [String] [String] => [String]
      df rev [] acc = acc
      df rev (x:xs) acc = df rev xs ([x] :: acc)

fn :: df rev ints [Int] [Int] => [Int]
      df rev ints [] acc = acc
      df rev ints (x:xs) acc = df rev ints xs ([x] :: acc)

fn :: df split lines loop String Int Int Int [String] => [String]
      df split lines loop s idx n start acc =
        | idx >= n = df rev ([str slice s start n] :: acc) []
        | (str char at s idx) == 10 = df split lines loop s (idx + 1) n (idx + 1) ([str slice s start idx] :: acc)
        | otherwise = df split lines loop s (idx + 1) n start acc

fn :: df split lines String => [String]
      df split lines s =
        | (str len s) == 0 = []
        | otherwise = df split lines loop s 0 (str len s) 0 []

fn :: df zeros Int [Int] => [Int]
      df zeros n acc =
        | n <= 0 = acc
        | otherwise = df zeros (n - 1) ([0] :: acc)

fn :: df nth int [Int] Int => Int
      df nth int [] _ = 0
      df nth int (x:xs) idx =
        | idx <= 0 = x
        | otherwise = df nth int xs (idx - 1)

fn :: df head int [Int] => Int
      df head int [] = 0
      df head int (x:_) = x

fn :: df cell val String String Int Int Int => Int
      df cell val old_line b diag down right_val =
        | old_line == b = diag + 1
        | otherwise = df max down right_val

fn :: df build row String [String] [Int] Int [Int] => [Int]
      df build row _ [] _ _ acc = acc
      df build row old_line (b:bs) (diag:next_rest) right_val acc =
        cell = df cell val old_line b diag (df head int next_rest) right_val
        df build row old_line bs next_rest cell ([cell] :: acc)
      df build row _ (_:_) [] _ acc = acc

fn :: df build dp [String] [String] [[Int]] => [[Int]]
      df build dp [] _ rows = rows
      df build dp (a:as) rev_new (next_row:rest_rows) =
        next_rev = df rev ints next_row []
        curr_row = df build row a rev_new next_rev 0 [0]
        df build dp as rev_new ([curr_row, next_row] :: rest_rows)
      df build dp (_:_) _ [] = []

fn :: df tail rows [[Int]] => [[Int]]
      df tail rows [] = []
      df tail rows (_:rs) = rs

fn :: df head row [[Int]] => [Int]
      df head row [] = []
      df head row (r:_) = r

fn :: df rev edits [DiffEdit] [DiffEdit] => [DiffEdit]
      df rev edits [] acc = acc
      df rev edits (e:es) acc = df rev edits es ([e] :: acc)

fn :: df backtrack [String] [String] [[Int]] Int Int Int [DiffEdit] => [DiffEdit]
      df backtrack [] [] _ _ _ _ acc = df rev edits acc []
      df backtrack [] (b:bs) rows j old_no new_no acc =
        ed = DiffEdit "insert" b 0 new_no
        df backtrack [] bs rows (j + 1) old_no (new_no + 1) ([ed] :: acc)
      df backtrack (a:as) [] rows j old_no new_no acc =
        ed = DiffEdit "delete" a old_no 0
        df backtrack as [] (df tail rows rows) j (old_no + 1) new_no ([ed] :: acc)
      df backtrack (a:as) (b:bs) rows j old_no new_no acc =
        df backtrack step a as b bs rows j old_no new_no acc

fn :: df backtrack step String [String] String [String] [[Int]] Int Int Int [DiffEdit] => [DiffEdit]
      df backtrack step a as b bs rows j old_no new_no acc =
        | a == b =
          df backtrack as bs (df tail rows rows) (j + 1) (old_no + 1) (new_no + 1) ([DiffEdit "equal" a old_no new_no] :: acc)
        | otherwise =
          df backtrack branch a as b bs rows (df tail rows rows) j old_no new_no (df nth int (df head row (df tail rows rows)) j) (df nth int (df head row rows) (j + 1)) acc

fn :: df backtrack branch String [String] String [String] [[Int]] [[Int]] Int Int Int Int Int [DiffEdit] => [DiffEdit]
      df backtrack branch a as b bs rows next_rows j old_no new_no del_score ins_score acc =
        | del_score >= ins_score =
          df backtrack as ([b] :: bs) next_rows j (old_no + 1) new_no ([DiffEdit "delete" a old_no 0] :: acc)
        | otherwise =
          df backtrack ([a] :: as) bs rows (j + 1) old_no (new_no + 1) ([DiffEdit "insert" b 0 new_no] :: acc)

fn :: df list length [String] => Int
      df list length [] = 0
      df list length (_:xs) = 1 + (df list length xs)

21.4.2. Implementación interna: Public API

Fíjate en cómo diff.rg estructura las firmas fn :: ... => ... primero y resuelve cada caso mediante ecuaciones alineadas y llamadas de cola:

fn :: diff lines [String] [String] => [DiffEdit]
      diff lines old_lines new_lines =
        old_lines df rev [] -> rev_old
        new_lines df rev [] -> rev_new
        df zeros ((df list length new_lines) + 1) [] -> zero_row
        df build dp rev_old rev_new [zero_row] -> dp_rows
        df backtrack old_lines new_lines dp_rows 0 1 1 []

fn :: diff text String String => [DiffEdit]
      diff text old_s new_s = diff lines (df split lines old_s) (df split lines new_s)

fn :: df stats loop [DiffEdit] Int Int Int => DiffStats
      df stats loop [] eq ins del = DiffStats eq ins del
      df stats loop (e:es) eq ins del =
        | (diff_op e) == "equal" = df stats loop es (eq + 1) ins del
        | (diff_op e) == "insert" = df stats loop es eq (ins + 1) del
        | otherwise = df stats loop es eq ins (del + 1)

fn :: diff stats [DiffEdit] => DiffStats
      diff stats edits = df stats loop edits 0 0 0

fn :: diff edit distance String String => Int
      diff edit distance old_s new_s =
        diff text old_s new_s -> diff stats -> st
        (insert_count st) + (delete_count st)

fn :: diff has changes [DiffEdit] => Bool
      diff has changes [] = False
      diff has changes (e:es) =
        | (diff_op e) == "equal" = diff has changes es
        | otherwise = True

fn :: df format unified lines [DiffEdit] String => String
      df format unified lines [] acc = acc
      df format unified lines (e:es) acc =
        | (diff_op e) == "equal" = df format unified lines es (acc + " " + (line_text e) + (char from code 10))
        | (diff_op e) == "delete" = df format unified lines es (acc + "-" + (line_text e) + (char from code 10))
        | otherwise = df format unified lines es (acc + "+" + (line_text e) + (char from code 10))

fn :: df hunk start Int => Int
      df hunk start cnt =
        | cnt == 0 = 0
        | otherwise = 1

fn :: df unified header String String Int Int => String
      df unified header old_label new_label old_cnt new_cnt =
        old_cnt df hunk start -> old_start
        new_cnt df hunk start -> new_start
        char from code 10 -> nl
        "--- " + old_label + nl + "+++ " + new_label + nl + "@@ -" + (df int to str old_start) + "," + (df int to str old_cnt) + " +" + (df int to str new_start) + "," + (df int to str new_cnt) + " @@" + nl

fn :: diff unified String String String String => String
      diff unified old_label new_label old_s new_s =
        diff text old_s new_s -> edits
        edits diff stats -> st
        (equal_count st) + (delete_count st) -> old_cnt
        (equal_count st) + (insert_count st) -> new_cnt
        df unified header old_label new_label old_cnt new_cnt -> hdr
        df format unified lines edits hdr

fn :: df apply collect [DiffEdit] [String] => [String]
      df apply collect [] acc = df rev acc []
      df apply collect (e:es) acc =
        | (diff_op e) == "delete" = df apply collect es acc
        | otherwise = df apply collect es ([line_text e] :: acc)

fn :: df join lines [String] => String
      df join lines [] = ""
      df join lines (x:[]) = x
      df join lines (x:xs) = x + (char from code 10) + (df join lines xs)

fn :: diff apply [DiffEdit] => String
      diff apply edits = df join lines (df apply collect edits [])

21.5. Garantías algorítmicas, memoria RMM1/RMM2 y las 5 Reglas de Oro de diff

  • Garantía algorítmica y de seguridad: Identidad matemática garantizada $diff_edit_distance(a, b) == |a| + |b| - 2 \cdot LCS(a, b)$ y reconstrucción sin pérdidas diff apply (diff lines a b) == b.
  • Complejidad de pila $O(1)$ con TCO: Todos los bucles recursivos en src/main/ridgun/lib/diff.rg están en posición de cola, por lo que ridgunc los compila a saltos nativos sin crecimiento de pila.
  • Memoria determinista (RMM1/RMM2): Cero pausas de recolector de basura; todas las estructuras intermedias se liberan de forma determinista al salir del ámbito.
  • Verificación continua: Probada exhaustivamente con stable check y la suite automatizada src/test/ridgun/test diff.rg.

Las 5 Reglas de Oro al programar con diff

  1. Declara import diff al inicio del archivo y aprovecha la equivalencia entre espacios y guiones bajos para que tu código se lea como prosa.
  2. Alinea tus tuberías de datos con =: encadena las llamadas a diff en pasos con nombre propio y deja que stable format alinee las columnas.
  3. Aprovecha las funciones totales de diff en tus guardas |: comprueba los valores de retorno o desenvuelve los ADTs con pattern matching en lugar de asumir que la entrada externa siempre es válida.
  4. Evita copiar grandes estructuras si solo necesitas consultar un campo: recuerda que en RMM2 los argumentos de entrada no incrementan ni decrementan contadores (+0 / -0).
  5. Combina diff con test (import test): escribe siempre aserciones con assert equals o assert true para fijar los invariantes de tu dominio.

En el Capítulo 22 pasaremos a explorar en profundidad la lib template (La lib template — Plantillas Mustache Seguras con Auto-Escape HTML y LaTeX).