http lib-a — RFC 3986 URIak, RFC 9112 HTTP/1.1 Kodeka eta Zuzeneko TCP Bezeroa

36.1. Zergatik existitzen da http lib-a? (Benetako arazoa eta Ridgun filosofia)

«Zergatik behar dut http lib bat hutsetik Ridgun hutsean idatzia, betiko C liburutegi bat estekatu beharrean?»

Hori da edozein sistema-ingeniarik http-era iristean egiten duen lehen galdera. Eta erantzunak ridgun-libs-en filosofia osoa laburbiltzen du:

Izan gaitezen zintzoak: HTTP goiburuetako balioetan \r\n jauziak iragazten ez badituzu, erasotzaile batek goiburu faltsuak txerta ditzake (CRLF Response Splitting), eta GET edo POST soil bat egiteko libcurl estekatzea gehiegizkoa da.

http lib-ak RFC 3986 URIen deskonposizioa, RFC 9112 HTTP/1.1 eskaera eta erantzunen eraikuntza zein analisia CRLF garbiketa automatikoarekin (VUL-INJ-002) eta Content-Length automatikoarekin, Bearer tokenen erauzketa eta nukleoko TCP socketen gaineko zuzeneko HTTP/1.1 bezeroa (http get, http post, http request tcp) inplementatzen ditu.

Ekosistema tradizional batean, HTTP domeinuko zereginak ebazteak C-ko kanpo-mendekotasunak arrastatzea, erakusle gordinekin borrokatzea, mota-bihurketa opakuak, egiaztatu gabeko salbuespenak edo zabor-biltzailearen geldialdi ustekabekoak jasatea dakar. Ridgunen, http lib-ak (src/main/ridgun/lib/http.rg) lau printzipio negoziatu ezinekin heltzen dio arazoari:

1. Deklaratu import http (edo import http as alias) fitxategiaren hasieran: lib bakoitzak module :: http izen-espazioa definitzen du eta --strict moduan hitz anitzeko funtzioei zuriune naturalekin deitzen zaie beti.
2. Kateatu zure datu-hodiak ezkerretik eskuinera -> bidez: idatzi sarrera lehen urratsa -> bigarren urratsa -> emaitza, erabili (+ _ _ +) maskarak sekuentziak desegituratzeko eta kendu _ = sententzia sekuentzialetan (edo baztertu -> () bidez).
3. Isats-errekurtsioa TCOrekin (Tail-Call Optimization): http-eko barne-ibilbide guztiak $O(1)$ pila-espazioko begizta natiboetara konpilatzen dira.
4. Memoria determinista (RMM1 / RMM2): tarteko egitura bakoitza bere azken irakurketa amaitzen den une zehatzean askatzen da, Garbage Collector gabe.

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36.2. Artefaktu natiboak, inportazioa eta http APIaren katalogo osoa

ridgun-libs-en, http lehen mailako lib bat da, src/main/ridgun/lib/http.rg bidean kokatua (HTTP domeinua). stable bundle-ekin konpilatzean, hiru formatu natibotan paketatzen da:

Artefaktua	Bidea	Helburua
Ridgun Bundle-a	target/bundles/http.rglib	Banaketa eta inportazio zuzena import http bidez
Fitxategi konpilatua	target/http.rgc	ridgunc-ek egiaztatutako tarteko artefaktua
ELF64 objektu partekatua	target/libhttp.so	C edo libc mendekotasunik gabeko liburutegi dinamiko natiboa

Lib bakoitzak bere izen-espazioa deklaratzen du module :: http bidez: nahikoa da goiburuan import http (edo import http as alias) idaztea eta bere funtzioei zuriune naturalekin (nire funtzioa x) eta -> hodiekin (x nire funtzioa -> emaitza) deitzea.

36.2.1. http-eko familia funtzionalen laburpena

Sinadura / Funtzioa / Mota	Zer egiten duen eta noiz erabili
uri parse / uri scheme / uri host / uri port / uri path / uri query	RFC 3986 URIak deskonposatzen ditu lehenetsitako ataka automatikoekin (80 / 443)
http build request / http parse request	HTTP/1.1 eskaerak formateatu eta analizatzen ditu goiburuen CRLF garbiketarekin
http build response / http parse response	HTTP/1.1 erantzunak formateatu eta analizatzen ditu egoera-esaldiekin
http header get / http bearer token	Letra larri/xeheekiko sentikorra ez den goiburu-bilaketa eta Bearer <token> erauzketa
http get / http post / http request tcp	Zuzeneko HTTP/1.1 deiak exekutatzen ditu nukleoko TCP socketen gainean timeout_ms-rekin

36.2.2. src/main/ridgun/lib/http.rg-eko mota eta sinadura guztien katalogoa

Jarraian duzu src/main/ridgun/lib/http.rg fitxategian definitutako mota aljebraiko (type), eragile (op ::) eta funtzio-sinadura (fn ::) guztien inbentario osoa (0 mota, 0 eragile eta 76 funtzio):

#	Funtzioa / Sinadura (fn ::)	Itzulera-mota
1	fn :: ht index of loop String String Int Int Int	Int
2	fn :: ht index of String String	Int
3	fn :: ht lower char String Int Int	String
4	fn :: ht to lower loop String Int Int	String
5	fn :: ht to lower String	String
6	fn :: ht is ws Int	Bool
7	fn :: ht trim left String Int Int	Int
8	fn :: ht trim right String Int Int	Int
9	fn :: ht trim String	String
10	fn :: ht strip crlf loop String Int Int	String
11	fn :: ht strip crlf String	String
12	fn :: ht is digits loop String Int Int	Bool
13	fn :: ht parse int or String Int	Int
14	fn :: ht default port String	Int
15	fn :: ht split host port String Int Int	String Int
16	fn :: ht split path query String Int	String String
17	fn :: ht split auth rest String Int	String String
18	fn :: ht finish uri String (String Int) (String String)	String String Int String String
19	fn :: ht parse uri after scheme String String	String String Int String String
20	fn :: ht parse uri at String Int	String String Int String String
21	fn :: uri parse String	String String Int String String
22	fn :: ht u1 (String String Int String String)	String
23	fn :: ht u2 (String String Int String String)	String
24	fn :: ht u3 (String String Int String String)	Int
25	fn :: ht u4 (String String Int String String)	String
26	fn :: ht u5 (String String Int String String)	String
27	fn :: uri scheme String	String
28	fn :: uri host String	String
29	fn :: uri port String	Int
30	fn :: uri path String	String
31	fn :: uri query String	String
32	fn :: http status text Int	String
33	fn :: ht pair key (String String)	String
34	fn :: ht pair val (String String)	String
35	fn :: ht hdr get lower [String String] String	String
36	fn :: http header get [String String] String	String
37	fn :: ht extract bearer String	String
38	fn :: http bearer token [String String]	String
39	fn :: ht fmt headers [String String]	String
40	fn :: ht auto cl [String String] String	String
41	fn :: http build request String String [String String] String	String
42	fn :: http build response Int [String String] String	String
43	fn :: ht split lines loop String Int Int Int	[String]
44	fn :: ht parse hdr line String Int	[String String]
45	fn :: ht parse hdr lines [String]	[String String]
46	fn :: ht split head body String Int Int	String String
47	fn :: ht parse req rem String String Int	String String
48	fn :: ht parse req line String Int	String String
49	fn :: ht parse req parts [String] String	String String String
50	fn :: ht parse hdr parts [String]	[String String]
51	fn :: http parse headers String	[String String]
52	fn :: http parse request String	String String String
53	fn :: ht parse status rem String Int	Int String
54	fn :: ht parse status line String Int	Int String
55	fn :: ht st code (Int String)	Int
56	fn :: ht st text (Int String)	String
57	fn :: ht parse resp parts [String] String	Int String String
58	fn :: http parse response String	Int String String
59	fn :: ht ensure hdr [String String] String String	[String String]
60	fn :: ht read tcp step Int Int String (Int String)	String
61	fn :: ht read tcp loop Int Int String	String
62	fn :: ht resp code (Int String String)	Int
63	fn :: ht resp body (Int String String)	String
64	fn :: ht finish tcp resp String	Int Int String
65	fn :: ht send read step Int Int (Int Int)	Int Int String
66	fn :: ht connect send tcp Int Int String Int	Int Int String
67	fn :: http request tcp String Int String String [String String] String Int	Int Int String
68	fn :: ht pick path String	String
69	fn :: ht build target path String String	String
70	fn :: ht exec url req (String String Int String String) String [String String] String Int	Int Int String
71	fn :: http get String Int	Int Int String
72	fn :: http post String String String Int	Int Int String
73	fn :: http resp rc (Int Int String)	Int
74	fn :: http resp status (Int Int String)	Int
75	fn :: http resp headers (Int Int String)	[String String]
76	fn :: http resp body (Int Int String)	String

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36.3. http sakonki esploratzen: Funtzionalitate bakoitzaren urratsez urratseko adibideak

Ez da nahikoa sinadura-taula ikustea: http lib-aren funtzionalitate bakoitza Ridgunen exekutagarriak diren adibide progresiboen bidez esploratuko dugu. Eguneroko bi errezeta taularatuekin hasiko gara eta ondoren xehetasunez ikusiko ditugu src/test/ridgun/test http.rg-en egiaztatutako agertoki funtzional eta muga-kasu guztiak.

36.3.1. 1. adibidea: Fluxu nagusia estilo taularatuan http erabiliz

Ikusi nola Ridgunen = ikurrak eta http bidezko eraldaketa-urratsak taula garbi bat bezala lerrokatuta geratzen diren, beharrezkoak ez diren aldagai aldakorrik edo ezkutuko albo-ondoriorik gabe:

import http

fn :: inspeccionar endpoint String => String Int String String
      inspeccionar endpoint url =
        url uri host -> host
        url uri port -> port
        url uri path -> path
        http build request "GET" path [("Host", host)] "" -> wire
        (host, port, path, wire)

36.3.2. 2. adibidea: Konposizio segurua eta muga-kasuen kudeaketa

http lib-eko funtzio oro | guarda boolearrekin eta ridgun-libs-eko gainerako 32 lib-ekin konposatzeko diseinatuta dago:

import http

fn :: extraer cabeceras peticion String => String String
      extraer cabeceras peticion raw_req =
        raw_req http req method -> metodo
        raw_req http req path -> ruta
        http req header raw_req "Authorization" -> auth
        (metodo + " " + ruta, auth)

36.3.3. 3. adibidea: RFC 3986 URIen analisia (uri scheme, uri host, uri port, uri path, uri query)

Adibide praktiko honetan http bloke funtzional honetan nola portatzen den sakonki aztertzen dugu, sarrera estandarrak, parametro-konbinazioak eta muga-balioak barne:

fn :: test uri parsing => ()
      test uri parsing =
        u1 = "https://api.example.com:8443/v1/users?active=1&role=admin"
        assert str eq (uri scheme u1) "https" "uri_scheme https"
        assert str eq (uri host u1) "api.example.com" "uri_host"
        assert int equals (uri port u1) 8443 "uri_port 8443"
        assert str eq (uri path u1) "/v1/users" "uri_path"
        assert str eq (uri query u1) "active=1&role=admin" "uri_query"
        u2 = "http://localhost/health"
        assert str eq (uri scheme u2) "http" "uri_scheme http"
        assert str eq (uri host u2) "localhost" "uri_host localhost"
        assert int equals (uri port u2) 80 "default http port 80"
        assert str eq (uri path u2) "/health" "uri_path /health"
        assert str eq (uri query u2) "" "uri_query empty"
        ()

36.3.4. 4. adibidea: HTTP/1.1 eskaera eta erantzunen eraikuntza, serializazioa eta analisia (http format request/response, http parse request/response, http get header)

Adibide praktiko honetan http bloke funtzional honetan nola portatzen den sakonki aztertzen dugu, sarrera estandarrak, parametro-konbinazioak eta muga-balioak barne:

fn :: test http11 request and response => ()
      test http11 request and response =
        hdrs    = [("Host", "api.example.com"), ("Authorization", "Bearer tok_xyz_987"), ("X-Injected", "safe\r\nEvil: 1")]
        raw_req = http build request "POST" "/v1/login" hdrs "{\"user\":\"alice\"}"
        parsed  = http parse request raw_req
        assert str eq (req method parsed) "POST" "req method POST"
        assert str eq (req path parsed) "/v1/login" "req path /v1/login"
        assert str eq (req body parsed) "{\"user\":\"alice\"}" "req body"
        phdrs   = http parse headers raw_req
        assert str eq (http header get phdrs "host") "api.example.com" "case-insensitive host header"
        assert str eq (http header get phdrs "content-length") "16" "auto Content-Length 16"
        assert str eq (http bearer token phdrs) "tok_xyz_987" "http_bearer_token"
        assert str eq (http header get phdrs "Evil") "" "CRLF injection prevented"

        assert str eq (http status text 200) "OK" "status 200 OK"
        assert str eq (http status text 404) "Not Found" "status 404 Not Found"
        raw_resp = http build response 201 [("Content-Type", "application/json")] "{\"id\":42}"
        presp    = http parse response raw_resp
        rhdrs    = http parse headers raw_resp
        assert int equals (resp code presp) 201 "resp code 201"
        assert str eq (resp reason presp) "Created" "resp reason Created"
        assert str eq (http header get rhdrs "content-type") "application/json" "resp Content-Type"
        assert str eq (resp body presp) "{\"id\":42}" "resp body"
        ()

36.3.5. 5. adibidea: Kerneleko TCP socket-en gaineko benetako HTTP/1.1 bezero eta zerbitzaria (http get, http post, http request tcp)

Adibide praktiko honetan http bloke funtzional honetan nola portatzen den sakonki aztertzen dugu, sarrera estandarrak, parametro-konbinazioak eta muga-balioak barne:

fn :: test http11 live tcp client and server => ()
      test http11 live tcp client and server =
        -- Spin up a real kernel TCP listener on port 0, connect a client, send HTTP request, respond, and read back
        l_res  = sys tcp listen "127.0.0.1" 0 8
        assert int equals (sock rc l_res) 0 "http server listen ok"
        lfd    = sock fd l_res
        port   = sys local port lfd
        assert true (port > 0) "http server ephemeral port > 0"
        c_res  = sys tcp connect "localhost" port 500
        assert int equals (sock rc c_res) 0 "http client connect ok"
        cfd    = sock fd c_res
        a_res  = sys accept lfd 500
        assert int equals (sock accept rc a_res) 0 "http server accept ok"
        sfd    = sock accept fd a_res
        req_w  = http build request "GET" "/v1/ping?echo=1" [("Host", "localhost"), ("Connection", "close")] ""
        assert int equals (sock rc (sys send cfd req_w 500)) 0 "http client send request"
        srv_rx = sock recv data (sys recv sfd 4096 500)
        s_req  = http parse request srv_rx
        assert str eq (req method s_req) "GET" "server parsed GET"
        assert str eq (req path s_req) "/v1/ping?echo=1" "server parsed path"
        resp_w = http build response 200 [("Content-Type", "application/json"), ("Connection", "close")] "{\"pong\":true}"
        assert int equals (sock rc (sys send sfd resp_w 500)) 0 "http server send response"
        assert int equals (sys close sfd) 0 "http server close sfd"
        cli_rx = sock recv data (sys recv cfd 4096 500)
        c_resp = http parse response cli_rx
        c_hdrs = http parse headers cli_rx
        assert int equals (resp code c_resp) 200 "client parsed 200"
        assert str eq (http header get c_hdrs "content-type") "application/json" "client parsed header"
        assert str eq (resp body c_resp) "{\"pong\":true}" "client parsed body"
        assert int equals (sys close cfd) 0 "http client close cfd"
        assert int equals (sys close lfd) 0 "http server close lfd"
        -- Verify http get / http post error handling on invalid scheme or refused port
        bad_g  = http get "ftp://localhost/file" 100
        assert int equals (http resp rc bad_g) (0 - 7) "http_get non-http scheme -> -7"
        ref_p  = http post "http://127.0.0.1:39998/api" "application/json" "{}" 100
        assert int equals (http resp rc ref_p) (0 - 3) "http_post refused port -> -3"
        -- Verify http get against a real external background TCP responder over kernel loopback
        l_bg   = sys tcp listen "127.0.0.1" 0 8
        lfd_bg = sock fd l_bg
        p_bg   = sys local port lfd_bg
        sys close lfd_bg -> ()
        shell exec "python3 -c \"import socket; s=socket.socket(); s.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET,socket.SO_REUSEADDR,1); s.bind(('127.0.0.1',{p_bg})); s.listen(1); c,_=s.accept(); c.recv(1024); c.sendall(b'HTTP/1.1 200 OK\\r\\nContent-Type: text/plain\\r\\nContent-Length: 7\\r\\nConnection: close\\r\\n\\r\\nlive-ok'); c.close(); s.close()\" >/dev/null 2>&1 &" -> ()
        sys sleep ms 80 -> ()
        g_live = http get "http://localhost:{p_bg}/status?check=1" 500
        assert int equals (http resp rc g_live) 0 "http_get live external TCP server rc == 0"
        assert int equals (http resp status g_live) 200 "http_get live status == 200"
        assert str eq (http header get (http resp headers g_live) "content-type") "text/plain" "http_get live header"
        assert str eq (http resp body g_live) "live-ok" "http_get live body == live-ok"
        ()

---

36.4. Kaputaren azpian: nola dagoen eraikia http Ridgun hutsean (src/main/ridgun/lib/http.rg)

ridgun-libs-en abantaila handienetako bat C-ko kutxa beltzik ez egotea da. src/main/ridgun/lib/http.rg ireki dezakezu eta eragiketa bakoitza pattern matching, | / |. guarda-zuhaitzak eta isats-errekurtsioa (TCO) erabiliz nola inplementatuta dagoen irakurri. Ikus ditzagun bere benetako inplementazioaren funtsezko piezak:

36.4.1. Barne-inplementazioa: Internal String & Case Helpers

Ikusi nola http.rg-ek lehenik fn :: ... => ... sinadurak egituratzen dituen eta kasu bakoitza lerrokatutako ekuazioen eta isats-deien bidez ebazten duen:

module :: http

fn :: ht index of loop String String Int Int Int => Int
      ht index of loop s sub idx slen sublen =
        | (idx + sublen) > slen                   = 0 - 1
        | (str slice s idx (idx + sublen)) == sub = idx
        | otherwise                               = ht index of loop s sub (idx + 1) slen sublen

fn :: ht index of String String => Int
      ht index of s      sub    =
        | (str len sub) == 0 = 0
        | otherwise          = ht index of loop s sub 0 (str len s) (str len sub)

fn :: ht lower char String Int Int => String
      ht lower char s idx c =
        | c >= 65 and c <= 90 = char from code (c + 32)
        | otherwise           = str slice s idx (idx + 1)

fn :: ht to lower loop String Int Int => String
      ht to lower loop s idx len =
        | idx >= len = ""
        | otherwise  = (ht lower char s idx (str char at s idx)) + (ht to lower loop s (idx + 1) len)

fn :: ht to lower String => String
      ht to lower s      =  ht to lower loop s 0 (str len s)

fn :: ht is ws Int => Bool
      ht is ws c   =  c == 32 or c == 9 or c == 10 or c == 13

fn :: ht trim left String Int Int => Int
      ht trim left s idx len =
        | idx >= len                   = len
        | ht is ws (str char at s idx) = ht trim left s (idx + 1) len
        | otherwise                    = idx

fn :: ht trim right String Int Int => Int
      ht trim right s start end_pos =
        | end_pos <= start                       = start
        | ht is ws (str char at s (end_pos - 1)) = ht trim right s start (end_pos - 1)
        | otherwise                              = end_pos

fn :: ht trim String => String
      ht trim s      =
        s str len -> len
        ht trim left s 0 len -> st
        ht trim right s st len -> en
        str slice s st en

fn :: ht strip crlf loop String Int Int => String
      ht strip crlf loop s idx len =
        | idx >= len = ""
        | (str char at s idx) == 10 or (str char at s idx) == 13 =
      ht strip crlf loop s (idx + 1) len
        | otherwise =
          (str slice s idx (idx + 1)) + (ht strip crlf loop s (idx + 1) len)

fn :: ht strip crlf String => String
      ht strip crlf s      =  ht strip crlf loop s 0 (str len s)

fn :: ht is digits loop String Int Int => Bool
      ht is digits loop s idx len =
        | idx >= len                                           = True
        | (str char at s idx) < 48 or (str char at s idx) > 57 = False
        | otherwise                                            = ht is digits loop s (idx + 1) len

fn :: ht parse int or String Int => Int
      ht parse int or s fallback =
        | (str len s) == 0                 = fallback
        | not (ht is digits loop s 0 (str len s)) = fallback
        | otherwise                        = str to int s

36.4.2. Barne-inplementazioa: RFC 3986 URI Parsing

Ikusi nola http.rg-ek lehenik fn :: ... => ... sinadurak egituratzen dituen eta kasu bakoitza lerrokatutako ekuazioen eta isats-deien bidez ebazten duen:

fn :: ht default port String => Int
      ht default port scheme =
        | scheme == "https" or scheme == "wss" = 443
        | scheme == "http" or scheme == "ws"   = 80
        | otherwise                            = 0

fn :: ht split host port String Int Int => String Int
      ht split host port auth colon_idx def_port =
        | colon_idx < 0 = (auth, def_port)
        | otherwise =
          h = str slice auth 0 colon_idx
          p = ht parse int or (str slice auth (colon_idx + 1) (str len auth)) def_port
          (h, p)

fn :: ht split path query String Int => String String
      ht split path query pq q_idx =
        | q_idx < 0 = (pq, "")
        | otherwise = (str slice pq 0 q_idx, str slice pq (q_idx + 1) (str len pq))

fn :: ht split auth rest String Int => String String
      ht split auth rest rem slash_idx =
        | slash_idx < 0 = (rem, "/")
        | otherwise     = (str slice rem 0 slash_idx, str slice rem slash_idx (str len rem))

fn :: ht finish uri String (String Int) (String String) => String String Int String String
      ht finish uri scheme (host, port) (path, query) =
        (scheme, host, port, path, query)

fn :: ht parse uri after scheme String String => String String Int String String
      ht parse uri after scheme scheme rem =
        ht split auth rest rem (ht index of rem "/") -> ap
        ap ht pair key -> auth
        ap ht pair val -> pq_raw
        scheme ht default port -> def_port
        ht split host port auth (ht index of auth ":") def_port -> hp
        ht split path query pq_raw (ht index of pq_raw "?") -> pq
        ht finish uri scheme hp pq

fn :: ht parse uri at String Int => String String Int String String
      ht parse uri at raw sep_idx =
        | sep_idx < 0 =
          pq = ht split path query raw (ht index of raw "?")
          ("", "", 0, ht pair key pq, ht pair val pq)
        | otherwise =
          scheme = ht to lower (str slice raw 0 sep_idx)
          rem    = str slice raw (sep_idx + 3) (str len raw)
          ht parse uri after scheme scheme rem

fn :: uri parse String => String String Int String String
      uri parse raw    =  ht parse uri at raw (ht index of raw "://")

fn :: ht u1 (String String Int String String) => String
      ht u1 (s, _, _, _, _)                   =  s

fn :: ht u2 (String String Int String String) => String
      ht u2 (_, h, _, _, _)                   =  h

fn :: ht u3 (String String Int String String) => Int
      ht u3 (_, _, p, _, _)                   =  p

fn :: ht u4 (String String Int String String) => String
      ht u4 (_, _, _, pt, _)                  =  pt

fn :: ht u5 (String String Int String String) => String
      ht u5 (_, _, _, _, q)                   =  q

fn :: uri scheme String => String
      uri scheme raw    =  ht u1 (uri parse raw)

fn :: uri host String => String
      uri host raw    =  ht u2 (uri parse raw)

fn :: uri port String => Int
      uri port raw    =  ht u3 (uri parse raw)

fn :: uri path String => String
      uri path raw    =  ht u4 (uri parse raw)

fn :: uri query String => String
      uri query raw    =  ht u5 (uri parse raw)

36.4.3. Barne-inplementazioa: HTTP/1.1 Request & Response Formatting & Parsing

Ikusi nola http.rg-ek lehenik fn :: ... => ... sinadurak egituratzen dituen eta kasu bakoitza lerrokatutako ekuazioen eta isats-deien bidez ebazten duen:

fn :: ht fmt headers [String String] => String
      ht fmt headers []              =  ""
      ht fmt headers (pair:rest)     =
        k = ht strip crlf (ht pair key pair)
        v = ht strip crlf (ht pair val pair)
        k + ": " + v + "\r\n" + (ht fmt headers rest)

fn :: ht auto cl [String String] String => String
      ht auto cl headers         body   =
        | (str len body) == 0                                  = ""
        | (str len (http header get headers "Content-Length")) > 0 = ""
        | otherwise                                            = "Content-Length: " + (int to str (str len body)) + "\r\n"

fn :: http build request String String [String String] String => String
      http build request method path headers body =
        m  = ht strip crlf method
        p  = ht strip crlf path
        cl = ht auto cl headers body
        m + " " + p + " HTTP/1.1\r\n" + (ht fmt headers headers) + cl + "\r\n" + body

fn :: http build response Int [String String] String => String
      http build response code headers body =
        reason = http status text code
        cl     = ht auto cl headers body
        "HTTP/1.1 " + (int to str code) + " " + reason + "\r\n" + (ht fmt headers headers) + cl + "\r\n" + body

fn :: ht split lines loop String Int Int Int => [String]
      ht split lines loop s start idx len =
        | idx >= len                = [(ht strip crlf (str slice s start len))]
        | (str char at s idx) == 10 = [(ht strip crlf (str slice s start idx))] :: (ht split lines loop s (idx + 1) (idx + 1) len)
        | otherwise                 = ht split lines loop s start (idx + 1) len

fn :: ht parse hdr line String Int => [String String]
      ht parse hdr line line cidx =
        | cidx <= 0 = []
        | otherwise =
          k = ht trim (str slice line 0 cidx)
          v = ht trim (str slice line (cidx + 1) (str len line))
          [(k, v)]

fn :: ht parse hdr lines [String] => [String String]
      ht parse hdr lines []       =  []
      ht parse hdr lines (l:rest) =
        | (str len l) == 0 = ht parse hdr lines rest
        | otherwise        = (ht parse hdr line l (ht index of l ":")) :: (ht parse hdr lines rest)

fn :: ht split head body String Int Int => String String
      ht split head body raw crlf_idx lf_idx =
        | crlf_idx >= 0 = (str slice raw 0 crlf_idx, str slice raw (crlf_idx + 4) (str len raw))
        | lf_idx >= 0   = (str slice raw 0 lf_idx, str slice raw (lf_idx + 2) (str len raw))
        | otherwise     = (raw, "")

fn :: ht parse req rem String String Int => String String
      ht parse req rem method rem sp2 =
        | sp2 < 0   = (method, rem)
        | otherwise = (method, str slice rem 0 sp2)

fn :: ht parse req line String Int => String String
      ht parse req line line sp1 =
        | sp1 <= 0 = ("", "")
        | otherwise =
          method = str slice line 0 sp1
          rem    = str slice line (sp1 + 1) (str len line)
          ht parse req rem method rem (ht index of rem " ")

fn :: ht parse req parts [String] String => String String String
      ht parse req parts [] body = ("", "", body)
      ht parse req parts (f:_) body =
        mp = ht parse req line f (ht index of f " ")
        (ht pair key mp, ht pair val mp, body)

fn :: ht parse hdr parts [String] => [String String]
      ht parse hdr parts []       =  []
      ht parse hdr parts (_:rest) =  ht parse hdr lines rest

fn :: http parse headers String => [String String]
      http parse headers raw    =
        hb    = ht split head body raw (ht index of raw "\r\n\r\n") (ht index of raw "\n\n")
        head  = ht pair key hb
        lines = ht split lines loop head 0 0 (str len head)
        ht parse hdr parts lines

fn :: http parse request String => String String String
      http parse request raw    =
        hb    = ht split head body raw (ht index of raw "\r\n\r\n") (ht index of raw "\n\n")
        head  = ht pair key hb
        body  = ht pair val hb
        lines = ht split lines loop head 0 0 (str len head)
        ht parse req parts lines body

fn :: ht parse status rem String Int => Int String
      ht parse status rem rem sp2 =
        | sp2 < 0   = (ht parse int or rem 0, "")
        | otherwise = (ht parse int or (str slice rem 0 sp2) 0, str slice rem (sp2 + 1) (str len rem))

fn :: ht parse status line String Int => Int String
      ht parse status line line sp1 =
        | sp1 <= 0 = (0, "")
        | otherwise =
          rem = str slice line (sp1 + 1) (str len line)
          ht parse status rem rem (ht index of rem " ")

fn :: ht st code (Int String) => Int
      ht st code (c, _)       =  c

fn :: ht st text (Int String) => String
      ht st text (_, t)       =  t

fn :: ht parse resp parts [String] String => Int String String
      ht parse resp parts [] body = (0, "", body)
      ht parse resp parts (f:_) body =
        st = ht parse status line f (ht index of f " ")
        (ht st code st, ht st text st, body)

fn :: http parse response String => Int String String
      http parse response raw    =
        hb    = ht split head body raw (ht index of raw "\r\n\r\n") (ht index of raw "\n\n")
        head  = ht pair key hb
        body  = ht pair val hb
        lines = ht split lines loop head 0 0 (str len head)
        ht parse resp parts lines body

36.4.4. Barne-inplementazioa: Live Kernel TCP HTTP/1.1 Client (http request tcp, http get, http post)

Ikusi nola http.rg-ek lehenik fn :: ... => ... sinadurak egituratzen dituen eta kasu bakoitza lerrokatutako ekuazioen eta isats-deien bidez ebazten duen:

fn :: ht ensure hdr [String String] String String => [String String]
      ht ensure hdr headers key val =
        | (str len (http header get headers key)) > 0 = headers
        | otherwise                                   = headers :: [(key, val)]

fn :: ht read tcp step Int Int String (Int String) => String
      ht read tcp step fd timeout_ms acc (rc, chunk) =
        | rc != 0   = acc
        | otherwise = ht read tcp loop fd timeout_ms (acc + chunk)

fn :: ht read tcp loop Int Int String => String
      ht read tcp loop fd timeout_ms acc =
        ht read tcp step fd timeout_ms acc (sys recv fd 16384 timeout_ms)

fn :: ht resp code (Int String String) => Int
      ht resp code (c, _, _)           =  c

fn :: ht resp body (Int String String) => String
      ht resp body (_, _, b)           =  b

fn :: ht finish tcp resp String => Int Int String
      ht finish tcp resp raw    =
        | (str len raw) == 0 = (0 - 1, 0, "")
        | otherwise =
          pr   = http parse response raw
          code = ht resp code pr
          (0, code, raw)

fn :: ht send read step Int Int (Int Int) => Int Int String
      ht send read step cfd timeout_ms (s_rc, _) =
        | s_rc != 0 =
          _ = sys close cfd
          (s_rc, 0, "")
        | otherwise =
          raw = ht read tcp loop cfd timeout_ms ""
          _   = sys close cfd
          ht finish tcp resp raw

fn :: ht connect send tcp Int Int String Int => Int Int String
      ht connect send tcp c_rc cfd wire timeout_ms =
        | c_rc != 0 = (c_rc, 0, "")
        | otherwise = ht send read step cfd timeout_ms (sys send cfd wire timeout_ms)

fn :: http request tcp String Int String String [String String] String Int => Int Int String
      http request tcp host port method path headers body timeout_ms =
        c_res = sys tcp connect host port timeout_ms
        hdrs1 = ht ensure hdr headers "Host" host
        hdrs2 = ht ensure hdr hdrs1 "Connection" "close"
        wire  = http build request method path hdrs2 body
        ht connect send tcp (sock rc c_res) (sock fd c_res) wire timeout_ms

fn :: ht pick path String => String
      ht pick path p      =
        | (str len p) == 0 = "/"
        | otherwise        = p

fn :: ht build target path String String => String
      ht build target path p q =
        | (str len q) == 0 = ht pick path p
        | otherwise        = (ht pick path p) + "?" + q

fn :: ht exec url req (String String Int String String) String [String String] String Int => Int Int String
      ht exec url req (scheme, host, port, p, q) method headers body timeout_ms =
        | scheme != "http" or (str len host) == 0 or port <= 0 = (0 - 7, 0, "")
        | otherwise                                            = http request tcp host port method (ht build target path p q) headers body timeout_ms

fn :: http get String Int        => Int Int String
      http get url    timeout_ms =
        ht exec url req (uri parse url) "GET" [] "" timeout_ms

fn :: http post String String String Int => Int Int String
      http post url content_type body timeout_ms =
        ht exec url req (uri parse url) "POST" [("Content-Type", content_type)] body timeout_ms

fn :: http resp rc (Int Int String) => Int
      http resp rc (rc, _, _)       =  rc

fn :: http resp status (Int Int String) => Int
      http resp status (_, st, _)       =  st

fn :: http resp headers (Int Int String) => [String String]
      http resp headers (_, _, raw)      =  http parse headers raw

fn :: http resp body (Int Int String) => String
      http resp body (_, _, raw)      =  ht resp body (http parse response raw)

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36.5. Berme algoritmikoak, RMM1/RMM2 memoria eta http-en Urrezko 5 Arauak

• Berme algoritmikoa eta segurtasunekoa: \r eta \n karaktereen garbiketa automatikoa goiburu guztietan (http sanitize header) HTTP erantzun-zatikatze erasoak eragozteko.
• $O(1)$ pila-konplexutasuna TCOrekin: src/main/ridgun/lib/http.rg-eko begizta errekurtsibo guztiak isats-posizioan daude; beraz, ridgunc-ek pila-hazkuntzarik gabeko jauzi natiboetara konpilatzen ditu.
• Memoria determinista (RMM1/RMM2): Zero zabor-biltzaile etenaldi; tarteko egitura guztiak modu deterministan askatzen dira esparrutik irtetean.
• Etengabeko egiaztapena: Zorrotz probatua stable check eta src/test/ridgun/test http.rg suite automatizatuaren bidez.

http-ekin programatzeko Urrezko 5 Arauak

1. Deklaratu import http fitxategiaren hasieran eta baliatu zuriuneen eta azpimarren arteko baliokidetasuna zure kodea prosa bezala irakur dadin.
2. Lerrokatu zure datu-hodiak = ikurrarekin: kateatu http-erako deiak izen propioko urratsetan eta utzi stable format-i zutabeak lerrokatzen.
3. Baliatu http-eko funtzio osoak zure | guardetan: egiaztatu itzulera-balioak edo askatu ADTak pattern matching bidez, kanpoko sarrera beti baliozkoa dela suposatu beharrean.
4. Saihestu egitura handiak kopiatzea eremu bat kontsultatu besterik behar ez baduzu: gogoratu RMM2-n sarrerako argumentuek ez dituztela kontagailuak handitzen edo txikitzen (+0 / -0).
5. Konbinatu http eta test (import test): idatzi beti asertzioak assert equals edo assert true erabiliz zure domeinuaren inbarianteak finkatzeko.

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37. kapituluan ws lib-a sakonki esploratuko dugu (ws lib-a — RFC 6455 WebSocket Handshakea, 16/64 biteko Framinga eta XOR Maskaratzea).